Nepal

When asked to provide more context about who was particularly unlikely to enjoy their right to education in 2024, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• The Constitution guarantees free education for all through secondary school, but this remains drastically unmet, especially for children from marginalised socio-economic backgrounds, Indigenous people, and ethnic minorities
• People from Dalit communities, Indigenous peoples, and Muslims
• People from Dalit communities and other marginalised groups do not have adequate access to higher education because the government does not provide them with accessible fellowships and scholarships
• People living in remote areas, especially in hilly and mountainous regions
• Landless people and internally displaced people
• Marginalised people from the Terai region
• People living in the rural Karnali and Sudurpashchim Provinces, especially due to a lack of educational infrastructure and materials
• Children from the Raute community in Karnali Province and the Haruwa-Charuwa people in Madhesh Province
• Families that cannot afford to send their children to private school, due to the sub-standard quality of education in community schools
• Many children are not enrolled in both primary and secondary schools, due to poverty, lack of schools, lack of awareness, and low literacy rates among parents
• People with disabilities, particularly due to a lack of inclusive education

When asked to provide more context about who was particularly unlikely to enjoy their right to food in 2024, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• All people due to adulteration of food with harmful substances
• Minority communities such as the Chepang and Raute peoples
• People from Dalit communities and Muslims
• Children from the Haruwa-Charuwa community in Madhesh Province
• People living in the far-western regions and mountainous Himalayan regions, who are severely affected by climate change
• People living in the rural parts of Karnali Province, due to the lack of access to markets and food services
• People living in hilly areas and disaster-prone regions
• Marginalised communities and people from disadvantaged economic backgrounds, especially in the Terai region, who lack access to food and adequate nutrition
• People from Sudurpashchim Province, Karnali Province, and Terai region do not have enough access to food that is free from harmful substances, meets their cultural requirements, and satisfies their dietary needs

When asked to provide more context about who was particularly unlikely to enjoy their right to health in 2024, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• The Safe Motherhood and Reproductive Health Rights Act of 2018 remains largely unenforced with significant implementation gaps
• Women and girls, due to inaccessible health services, especially in remote areas
• People from Dalit communities, Indigenous peoples, Muslims, and people living in Karnali and Sudurpashchim Provinces, due to a lack of health infrastructure as well as insufficient numbers of doctors, nurses, and medical facilities at local levels
• Children from the Raute community in Karnali Province, people from Dalit communities in Madhesh Province, and people from the Chepang community
• People living in hilly and mountainous areas
• Marginalised people in the Terai region
• People living in remote areas who are far from healthcare centres
• Older people, women, people with low incomes, and people with disabilities, due to a lack of healthcare workers, medicine and proper care, and awareness regarding public social protection mechanisms
• People who cannot afford private hospitals, as public hospitals often fail to provide quality healthcare, and public doctors frequently refer patients to private facilities where they are themselves employed part-time
• Public hospitals often provide only first-aid and primary healthcare services and further refer patients to other hospitals
• People living in extreme poverty and from marginalised groups, due to lack of awareness about free healthcare provisions

When asked to provide more context about who was particularly unlikely to enjoy their right to housing in 2024, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Indigenous peoples, especially those who are displaced due to the wildlife conservation plans and multinational government projects
• People from Dalit communities, even though the right to housing is guaranteed for all under the Constitution
• Communities that face social discrimination
• Marginalised groups, including people who are homeless, landless, displaced, or living in urban slums
• People experiencing homelessness in urban areas
• People living in the plains
• People living in remote, hilly, and mountainous areas, as well as marginalised groups living in the Terai region
• Landless people, especially the Haruwa-Charuwa people in Sudurpashchim and Karnali Provinces, lack quality housing, and sometimes do not have a roof even during the rainy season
• People impacted by climate change, due to annual floods and other natural disasters displacing communities, destroying houses, and leading to unsanitary living conditions

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to arbitrary or political arrest and detention by government agents in 2024, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Madheshi, Tharu, Tamang, Limbu, Gurung, and Magar peoples, and people from Dalit communities
• People who are viewed as political rivals
• People who criticise those in power are arrested as a form of revenge
• People with a low economic status, especially street vendors, landless people, and those who are homeless

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to disappearance by government agents in 2024, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• People from Dalit communities

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to extrajudicial killing by government agents in 2024, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Madheshi, Tharu, Tamang, Limbu, Gurung, and Magar peoples, and people from Dalit communities
• There are reports of detainees being tortured to death
• There are reports of people being shot to death by police

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to restrictions on their rights to assembly and association by the government or its agents in 2024, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• People are targeted with restrictions based on their ethnicity, caste, and/or gender
• Members of ethnic minority groups who protest against large infrastructure projects, especially Indigenous peoples
• Peaceful demonstrators are beaten by security forces, including use of tear gas and water canons
• Journalists and human rights defenders are attacked by security forces during peaceful protests
• People and groups who support the former King
• Clandestine armed political groups
• Certain cooperative agencies in Kathmandu and other parts of the country

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to restrictions on their rights to opinion and expression by government agents in 2024, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• People from Dalit communities and other marginalised groups
• Members of ethnic minority groups who protest against large infrastructure projects, especially Indigenous peoples
• The government proposed a social media bill which threatens to restrict people's right to freedom of expression
• People who share their opinions on social media risk arrest
• Members of civil society organisations

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to restrictions on their political participation by the government or its agents in 2024, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• People are targeted with restrictions based on their ethnicity, caste, and/or gender
• Members of ethnic minority groups who protest against large infrastructure projects, especially Indigenous peoples
• Members of the Rastriya Swatantra Party
• Clandestine armed political groups
• People with disabilities face barriers to participate actively in politics
• Victims of fraud committed by cooperative agencies
• There is no representation in the executive branch of government